AICP
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE,
COMPUTING
Introduction
Books
Periodicals
Societies and Institutes
Centers, Departments, and Groups
Other resources
If, in 1901, a talented and sympathetic outsider had been
called upon (say, by a granting-giving agency) to survey the sciences
and name the branch which would be least fruitful in century ahead, his
choice might well have settled upon mathematical logic, an exceedingly
recondite field whose practitioners could all have fit into a small auditorium
— algebraists consumed by abstractive passion, or philosophers pursuing
fantasies of Leibnitz and Ramon Llull, or (like Whitehead) both. It had
no practical applications, and not even that much mathematics to show
for itself: its crown was an exceedingly obscure definition of cardinal
numbers. When, in 1910, it produced a work which the learned world was
forced to notice — the first volume of Whitehead and Russell's Principia
Mathematica — it was, so to speak, the academic Brief History
of Time of its day, often mentioned, never used.
Our outsider would, of course, have been wrong. Mathematical
logic was the inspiration for perhaps only half of twentieth-century philosophy
…; many of our finest mathematicians, such as Norbert Wiener, John
von Neumann and Andrei Kolmogorov cut their teeth on it, and notation
(and notions) which began in the obscurities of Peirce and Peano are now
to be found in every undergraduate math book. True, some early application
— one thinks particularly of Woodger's axiomatization of biology
— have, perhaps unfairly, gone nowhere, and McCulloch and Pitt's'
"A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity"
is more important for launching neural nets upon the world than for using
Carnap's formalism. But in one extremely important field, however, it
reigns supreme, and that is computation. Programming is, simply, mathematical
logic in action; the melding of theory and practice is so complete that
most practioners have no idea that their speech — recursion, lexical
scope, data abstraction … — is prose… Of course, some of
the computer's intellectual roots were more obviously useful — but
since these were the study of Brownian motion, and the physics of crystals
and spectral lines, not much…
I don't really know what the moral is, beyond the obvious
one that useless knowledge isn't.
— Cosma
Shalizi
Introduction
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the subfield of computer science concerned
with the concepts and methods of symbolic inference by computer and symbolic
knowledge representation for use in making inferences. From the perspective
of intelligence, AI can be seen as an attempt to model aspects of human
thought on computers. From a research perspective, AI is the study "of
how to make computers do things which, at the moment, people do better"
(Rich and Knight).
Major issues include:
• Agents
• artificial life
• Bayesian Inference, uncertainty management, decision theory
• case-based reasoning
• chaos, complex systems, nonlinear systems (cf. TB)
• cognitive science
• computer vision
• constraint logic programming and constraint satisfaction
• cybernetics and systems theory
• design and AI
• distributed AI
• evolutionary algorithms, genetic algorithms, genetic programming
• expert systems and knowledge-based systems (expert problem solving
restricts domain to allow including significant relevant knowledge)
• fuzzy logic
• human-computer interaction
• intelligent agent architectures
• knowledge representation
• logical inference
• machine learning
• medical applications
• natural language processing and computational linguistics
• neural networks
• parallel and distributed algorithms and architectures
• philosophy of AI
• planning
• qualitative modeling and reasoning
• reasoning
• reinforcement learning
• robotics
• search (playing games, solving puzzles)
• speech recognition and synthesis
• Turing Test (inability to distinguish computer responses from human
responses).
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Introductory Web resources
• An
Introduction to AI (ThinkQuest)
Covers the history of AI, methods, applications, interviews
with and biographies of AI experts in different fields, links to other
AI resources, an updated message board, and examples of notable AI programs.
• Introduction
to AI and Expert Systems (Carol E. Brown
and Daniel E. O'Leary)
• The
Intro to AI Show (Selmer Bringsjord)
• Introduction
to AI (Distributed Learning Centre)
Includes a useful glossary of AI-related terminology
and uses WebBoard, a Web-based discussion tool from O'Reilly & Associates
for asynchronous conferencing between students and facilitators in this
online course.
• Free
On-Line Dictionary of Computing (FOLDOC) (Imperial College Department
of Computing)
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Books
Introductory readings
• Forbus/de Kleer,
Building Problem Solvers, 1993
• Ginsberg,
Essentials of Artificial Intelligence, 1993
• Luger/Stubblefield,
Artificial Intelligence, 1993
• Fischler/Firschein,
Intelligence: The Eye, the Brain, and the Computer, 1987
• Charniak/McDermott,
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence, 1985
• Haugeland,
Artificial Intelligence - The Very Idea, 1985
• Nilsson,
Principles of Artificial Intelligence, 1980
Anthologies
• Levine/Elsberry,
Optimality in Biological and Artificial Networks?, 1997
• Shapiro,
Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence, 2nd ed., 1992
• Barr/Cohen/Feigenbaum,
The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence (4 vols.), 1989
• Bond/Gasser,
Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence, 1986
• Webber/Nilsson,
Readings in Artificial Intelligence, 1981
Selected monographs
• Collins,
Artificial Experts, 1990
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Periodicals
• Artificial
Intelligence (AI) (1970— )
(Available online; Elsevier.) Publishes basic
and applied papers describing mature work involving computational accounts
of aspects of intelligence. Specifically welcomes papers on automated
reasoning; computational theories of learning; heuristic search; knowledge
representation; natural language understanding; qualitative physics; robotics;
signal, image and speech understanding; software and hardware architectures
for AI. Reports results achieved; proposals for new ways of looking at
AI problems must include demonstrations of effectiveness. From time to
time, the journal publishes survey articles.
• Communication
and Cognition — Artificial Intelligence (CCAI)
(Quarterly; Communication & Cognition.)
Publishes articles and book reviews relating to the evolving principles
and techniques of Artificial Intelligence as enriched by research in such
fields as mathematics, linguistics, logic, epistemology, cognitive science
and biology. Provides a forum for discussion of such topics as cognitive
modeling, logic programming, automatic learning, automatic knowledge extraction,
AI and art, applied epistemology, and general aspects of AI. Furthermore,
CCAI is concerned with developments in the areas of hard and software
and their applications within AI. CCAI invites computer firms to
submit special articles about new products, processes and/or information
which they want to disseminate within the AI community as well as the
business and industrial community.
• Connection
Science
[TOCs
(June 1995— )]
Connection Science is an interdisciplinary scientific
journal with a focus on the mechanisms of adaptation, cognition and intelligent
behaviour in both living and artificial systems. The traditional scope
of the journal has been broadened from connectionist research and neural
computing to encompass work on other adaptive methods (e.g. evolutionary
computing) as well as biologically inspired techniques and algorithms
in applied domains.
• Evolutionary
Computation
[TOCs]
(Quarterly; available online; MIT Press.) Provides
an international forum for facilitating and enhancing the exchange of
information among researchers involved in both the theoretical and practical
aspects of computational systems of an evolutionary nature.
• Expert
Systems
The International Journal of Knowledge Engineering
and Neural Networks
[TOCs
(February 1997— )]
(Quarterly; available online. Blackwell.) A
forum for the expert systems and neural networks community devoted to
all aspects of AI and advanced computing. Covers the development and use
of advanced computing in areas which humans find intellectually difficult,
which involve expertise or specialized knowledge, and which are the subject
of continuing research, or of interest to those implementing current systems.
• Evolutionary
Computation
• IEEE
Transactions on Evolutionary Computation
• Intelligence Magazine
New Visions of AI in Practice
• International Journal of Expert Systems: Research
and Applications (IJES)
(Quarterly. JAI Press.) Archival journal; seeks
high quality original research papers providing clearly formulated theoretical
results, or descriptions of novel applications, or empirical studies relating
to issues of importance to the knowledge-based systems approaches to the
construction of intelligent artifacts, that is, 'expert systems' in the
broad sense of the term. A system is knowledge-based' when its behavior
depends largely on information encoded in it or to which it has access,
and is an 'expert system' when this knowledge would be considered expertise
in a human. Encourages the submission of papers dealing with knowledge-based
systems in general and expert systems in particular. Strives to strike
a useful balance between theory and practice. Will not publish "look-Ma-no-hands"
papers which simply report the existence of yet another expert system.
Application papers should address some theoretical or practical issues
in the design and construction of knowledge-based systems.
• Journal
of Artificial Intelligence Research (JAIR) (1993— )
[TOCs
with article full text access]
(Available online; bound volumes by Morgan Kaufmann.
) Electronic and print journal; covers all areas of AI, publishing
refereed research articles, survey articles, and technical notes. Reviews
papers within approximately two months of submission and publishes accepted
articles on the internet immediately upon receiving the final versions.
• Journal
of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence (JETAI) (1988— )
[TOCs
(1996— )]
(Quarterly. Taylor & Francis.) Advances
scientific research in AI by providing a public forum for the presentation,
evaluation and criticism of research results, the discussion of methodological
issues, and the communication of positions, preliminary findings and research
directions. JETAI features work in all subfields of AI research
that adopts a scientific rather than engineering methodology, focusing
on work in cognitive science, problem solving, perception, learning, knowledge
representation, memory, and neural system modelling. All papers are peer-reviewed.
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Societies
• American
Association for Artificial Intelligence (1979— )
A nonprofit scientific society devoted to advancing
the scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying thought and
intelligent behavior and their embodiment in machines. AAAI also aims
to increase public understanding of artificial intelligence, improve the
teaching and training of AI practitioners, and provide guidance for research
planners and funders concerning the importance and potential of current
AI developments and future directions. Major AAAI activities include organizing
and sponsoring conferences, symposia, and workshops, publishing a quarterly
magazine for all members, publishing books, proceedings, and reports,
and awarding grants, scholarships, and other honors.
• Artificial
Intelligence in Education (AI-ED) Society (USA)
Advances knowledge and promotes research and development
in the field of AI in Education. Aims to help members keep up-to-date
in the field through supporting journals, conferences, and other activities
of interest to members. An international society, governed by a 25 member
Executive Committee representing 13 countries, which seeks to support
AI in education developments throughout the international community.
• Association
for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE) (1981— )
(USA)
Advancing the knowledge, theory, and quality of learning/teaching
at all levels with information technology.
• Association
for Automated Reasoning (AAR) (USA)
A not-for-profit corporation intended for educational
and scientific purposes. The objective of AAR is to advance the field
of automated reasoning by disseminating and exchanging information among
its international members on such topics as automated reasoning, automated
theorem proving, logic programming, and expert systems.
• Austrian
Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence (ÖFAI)
• Dutch
Foundation for Neural Networks
• European
Coordinating Committee for Artificial Intelligence (ECCAI) (1982—
)
A representative body for the European Artificial Intelligence
community.
• Evolutionary Programming Society (1991— )
Promotes research in the areas of evolutionary computation
and self-organizing systems. Sponsors the Annual Conference on Evolutionary
Programming and offers its members discounted registration at the conference,
as well as a substantially discounted subscription rate for the journal
BioSystems.
• Florida
Artificial Intelligence Research Society (USA)
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Centers, Departments, and Institutes
• Computational
Biology Group, Michigan State University (USA)
• Division
of Informatics, University of Edinburgh(UK)
• EvoCo:
Evolutionary Computation Group, University of Coimbra(Portugal)
• MIT
AI Lab (USA)
• SRI
International's Artificial Intelligence Center (AIC) (1966—
) (USA)
One of the world's major centers of research in artificial
intelligence. A pioneer and a major contributor to the development of
computer capabilities for intelligent behavior in complex situations.
Its objectives are to understand the computational principles underlying
intelligence in man and machines and to develop methods for building computer-based
systems to solve problems, to communicate with people, and to perceive
and interact with the physical world.
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Other resources
• Adaptive
Systems WWW Resources
• AI
Access Information, Inc. (1993— )
A nonprofit corporation whose purpose is to facilitate
the dissemination of scientific results in artificial intelligence. Publication
of JAIR is its primary activity at present.
• On
Line Index of AI Journals
• Bibliography
for AI
• Calculating
Machines
(Erez Kaplan)
The history of mathematics goes a long way back with
devices and methods of calculation. Starting with the ancient Abacus,
the slide rule and the logarithms, the mechanical calculating machines,
the electromechanical calculators and finally the electronic computer.
This site deals mainly with the mechanical calculating
machines from a collector's point of view.
• CogPrints
Cognitive Sciences Eprint Archive
An electronic archive for papers in any area of psychology,
neuroscience, and linguistics, and many areas of computer science (e.g.,
artificial intelligence, robotics, vison, learning, speech, neural networks),
philosophy (e.g., mind, language, knowledge, science, logic), biology
(e.g., ethology, behavioral ecology, sociobiology, behaviour genetics,
evolutionary theory), medicine (e.g., psychiatry, neurology, human genetics,
imaging), anthropology (e.g., primatology, cognitive ethnology, archeology,
paleontology), as well as any other portions of the physical, social and
mathematical sciences that are pertinent to the study of cognition.
• Computational
Biology Related Journals
(Washington University, Saint Louis)
• Computists
International
A professional association for artificial intelligence,
information science, and computer science researchers. Several concise
email newsletters are available to members each week, covering AI research
funding, software industry trends, leading-edge technologies, job opportunities,
research software announcements, and other useful news. Technical topics
frequently include neural networks, intelligent agents, fuzzy logic, robotics,
artificial life, machine learning, genetic algorithms, intelligent scheduling,
logic programming, expert systems, knowledge-based systems, case-based
inference, intelligent databases, data or scientific visualization, data
mining, natural language, machine translation, computational linguistics,
and information retrieval.
• Evolutionary
Computation and Artificial Life Page, Massachussets Institute of Technology
• Explanation
by Pattern Means Massive Simplification
(David J. Cox)
A web site that explains how to use a method of visualizing
strings of complex logical relationships such as those found in computer
programs.
• Genetic Algorithms Bibliography
(Jason Mann)
About 700 items. Includes search facility.
• Geometry
search: "Artificial Intelligence"
• Geometry
(the online learning center) search: "Robotics"
• JAIR’s
links to AI starting points on the web
• Lecture
Notes in Computer Science / Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence (LNCS/LNAI)
• Literature
Information and Documentation System (LIDOS)
(German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence
GmbH)
• Perceptrons:
An Associative Learning Network
(Michele D. Estebon, Virginia Tech)
• Philosophy
of Artificial Intelligence Bibliography
(David J. Chalmers)
• The
Modularity Home Page
(Raffaele Calabretta)
• Alan
Turing Home Page
(Andrew Hodges)
The gateway and guide to a large Website dedicated to
Alan Turing (1912-1954).
• Virtual
Museum of Computing (VmoC)
(Jonathan Bowen, University of Reading)
Includes an eclectic collection of World Wide Web (WWW)
hyperlinks connected with the history of computing and on-line computer-based
exhibits available both locally and around the world.
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